Origins and diversity of Greenland's <i>Qimmit</i> revealed with genomes of ancient and modern sled dogs.

Abstract

The <i>Qimmeq</i> (Greenland sled dog) has worked continuously with the Inuit in Greenland for more than 800 years. However, they now face drastic population declines caused by climate change, urbanization, and competition from snowmobiles. This study sequenced 92 modern and ancient genomes to investigate how centuries of isolation shaped the regional <i>Qimmeq</i> populations and the impact of European contact. We found distinct regional populations and evidence for two migrations of dogs into Greenland with the Inuit from Canada. Furthermore, we found that there is minimal European ancestry in present day <i>Qimmit</i> and limited recent inbreeding despite low heterozygosity. These insights are critical for conservation efforts aimed at preserving the <i>Qimmit</i> amid environmental changes and cultural transitions.