Self-assembling solid Sb electrode enables high-capacity, low-cost Ca-Sb battery.
basic_science · Level V
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- Record sourced from PubMed, PMID 40707457.
- Also identified by DOI 10.1038/s41467-025-62080-7 and PMC identifier 12290061.
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Abstract
To decarbonize the power grid using renewable technologies without compromising its reliability, low-cost grid-scale energy storage with resilient long-term performance is required. We report a liquid metal battery that achieves high capacity, low electrode costs, and strong cycling performance by replacing the traditional liquid positive electrode with solid particles. The Ca||Sb(s) system described herein achieved 318% higher discharge capacity (715 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> Sb) and 71% lower electrode cost (19.1 $ kWh<sup>-1</sup>) than the most competitive liquid metal battery chemistries yet published. The remarkable increase in specific capacity results from the self-assembly of a micro-structured electronically connected Sb network at the positive electrode during cycling while the formation of a liquid Ca-Li alloy at the negative electrode mitigates the growth of solid Ca dendrites. We demonstrate minimal capacity fade of the Ca||Sb(s) battery over ~4000 full depth-of-discharge cycles and high coulombic (>98.4%) and energy efficiencies (79-84%) at C-rates (C/8-C/10) relevant for daily storage applications coupled with intermittent renewable energy technologies.