Aqueous Iron-Ions Batteries: Status, Solutions, and Prospects.

Abstract

Aqueous iron-ion batteries (AFIBs) have gained significant attention due to their low cost and inherent safety. However, challenges such as competitive hydrogen evolution at the anode, poor cathode structural stability, and electrolyte oxidation hinder further development. Given the rapid advancements in this emerging field, a timely summary of current progress and trends is essential. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent developments in AFIBs, focusing on fundamental mechanisms and key challenges related to iron-ion behavior. Meanwhile, current strategies for optimizing anode design, enhancing cathode stability, and developing functional electrolytes are further analyzed. Finally, the future prospects of AFIBs are discussed, with a comparative evaluation of design strategies to guide targeted material development and bridge the gap between laboratory progress and practical applications, thereby promoting commercialization.