General Prelithiation Approaches and the Corresponding Full Cell Design.

Abstract

Prelithiation technology is widely regarded as an effective strategy to enhance the energy density and extend the cycle life of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The principle of prelithiation is to introduce additional active Li⁺, thereby compensating for Li losses during initial charging and long-term cycling. However, the current summaries of various prelithiation approaches are predominantly focused on liquid LIBs, with limited reviews available on solid-state LIBs. Compared to liquid LIBs, solid-state LIBs not only face uniformity issues caused by the uneven mixing of active materials and Li sources during prelithiation, but also encounter severe kinetic challenges arising from rigid solid-solid interface contact. Here, various prelithiation techniques are first integrated and the dynamic correlation between the prelithiation of each component in a full cell and its electrochemical performance is systematically introduced. Furthermore, the challenges of prelithiation techniques in solid-state LIBs in terms of solid-solid interface and Li⁺ transport are discussed. Finally, these prelithiation technologies are expected to be extended to the design of other premetallation agents, which guide the development of high-energy and high-safety energy storage systems.