An oral heme oxygenase inhibitor targets immunosuppressive perivascular macrophages in preclinical models of cancer.

Bahri, Meriem; Al-Adhami, Taha; Demirel, Emre; Sarkar, Jit; Feehan, Karen T; Anstee, Joanne E; Cheung, Tik Shing; Sosnowska, Dominika et al. · Sci Transl Med · 2025

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

A subset of perivascular tumor-associated macrophages (PvTAMs) expressing lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) relies on heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activity to maintain an immunologically cold tumor microenvironment, which suppresses the efficacy of chemotherapy. Consequently, HO-1 inhibition represents a strategy to target immunosuppressive LYVE-1<sup>+</sup> PvTAMs and improve therapeutic responses. We developed and characterized KCL-HO-1i, a small-molecule, orally bioavailable HO-1 inhibitor. In chemotherapy-resistant spontaneous murine <i>MMTV-PyMT</i> breast cancer and subcutaneous MN/MCA1 sarcoma models, targeting the PvTAM function with KCL-HO-1i enhanced chemotherapy effects and sensitized tumors to treatment. KCL-HO-1i combined with chemotherapy promoted an immunologically hot tumor microenvironment characterized by increased infiltration of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells exhibiting effector function. These findings identify KCL-HO-1i as a nontoxic, orally bioavailable small-molecule immunotherapeutic targeting a key subset of protumoral PvTAMs, offering a combinatorial strategy to enhance chemotherapy efficacy in cancer.

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