The Application of the Prevertebral Fascia in the Surgical Approach to the Craniocervical Junction: Cadaveric Dissection Studies and Clinical Case Demonstrations.

Abstract

The suboccipital muscles at the craniocervical junction exhibit high anatomical complexity. Inadequate use of correct anatomical planes during surgery complicates exposure of deep structures and increases the risk of damaging the carotid sheath (CS) and parotid gland (PG). This study aims to identify key anatomical landmarks for protecting the PG and optimizing CS exposure in far lateral approach (FLA) and extreme lateral approach (ELA). Ten cadaver head specimens underwent anatomical dissection to simulate FLA and ELA. The prevertebral fascia (PVF) was identified as a critical structure for surgical exposure and subsequently used as a landmark in 12 clinical cases of FLA/ELA. Neck fascia was anatomically classified into superficial (investing fascia), middle (pretracheal fascia), and deep (PVF) layers, with paired CS. The PVF acted as a complete barrier between the PG and suboccipital muscles and a key landmark separating the CS from suboccipital muscles. Leveraging PVF anatomy minimized CS exposure/injury during FLA while ensuring safe access to the CS or jugular foramen in 12 clinical surgeries; using PVF as a landmark proved safe and effective, with no intraoperative PG/CS complications. The PVF is a critical anatomical landmark for protecting CS and PG in FLA or ELA. Utilizing its anatomical principles enhances surgical orientation, efficiency, and safety.