Assessment of prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in A. Konduru tribal region of Andhra Pradesh, India: A cross-sectional study.
cross_sectional · Level IV
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- Record sourced from PubMed, PMID 40814495.
- Also identified by DOI 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_347_25 and PMC identifier 12349822.
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Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered as an underrecognized epidemic in developing countries. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are traditional risk factors for CKD. But CKD of unknown aetiology is prevalent in many parts of India. This study is about cases in the tribal region of A. Konduru, India, where several deaths were reported due to kidney problems. To estimate the prevalence and to assess the risk factors associated with CKD in the A. Konduru tribal population. This is a cross-sectional study, using the proportionate random sampling method including all the 15 thandas (habitats) of the study region. The prevalence using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated from MDRD-4 (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) formula. People having eGFR < 60 mL/min are considered as having CKD. A semistructured schedule was administered for data collection. Chi-square test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and <i>t</i>-test for independent means were utilized to find statistical significance. CKD is present in 161 (44.85%) subjects. The statistically significant findings associated with CKD are an age of >60 years (<i>P</i> < 0.001), low level of education (<i>P</i> = 0.047), occupation of working in farms and housewives (<i>P</i> = 0.027), chronic use of medication for more than 6 months (<i>P</i> < 0.001), HTN (<i>P</i> < 0.001), past kidney problems (<i>P</i> = 0.026), exposure to pesticides in occupation (<i>t</i> = 2.815, <i>P</i> = 0.005), and duration of stay in that region (<i>t</i> = 5.752, <i>P</i> < 0.001). There is inverse corelation between eGFR and age [<i>r</i> (357) = -0.396 <i>P</i> < 0.001] and also with systolic blood pressure [<i>r</i> (357) = -0.119 <i>P</i> = 0.024]. Prevalence of CKD is high. Diabetes has not shown association. Working in farms, exposure to pesticides, and prolonged stay in the region are significantly associated.