Design, Construction, and Application of Implantable Fiber Biosensors.

Abstract

The functioning of living organisms generates a wide array of physiological signals. Deciphering these signals is crucial for understanding physiological processes and advancing disease diagnostics and therapies. Implantable fiber biosensors (IFBs) have emerged as a promising solution, enabling minimally invasive, real-time, in situ monitoring. However, comprehensive insights into the design principles, fabrication methodologies, biocompatibility, and system integration of IFBs remain limited. This perspective highlights recent advancements in IFB design and their translation into practical applications. Key progress in material strategies, structural assembly, and fabrication technologies are summarized. Biocompatibility considerations including cytotoxicity, mechanical compatibility, hemocompatibility, histocompatibility, and lifecycle management are thoroughly examined. Integration strategies critical for clinical and real-world deployment are also discussed. Finally, this work outlines the major challenges and proposes future directions to guide the continued development of IFBs.