Deep Learning for Standardized Head CT Reformatting: A Quantitative Analysis of Image Quality and Operator Variability.

Abstract

To validate a deep learning foundation model for automated head CT reformatting and to quantify the quality, speed, and variability of conventional manual reformats in a real-world dataset. A foundation artificial intelligence (AI) model was used to create automated reformats for 1,763 consecutive noncontrast head CT examinations. Model accuracy was first validated on a 100-examination subset by assessing landmark detection as well as rotational, centering, and zoom error against expert manual annotations. The validated model was subsequently used as a reference standard to evaluate the quality and speed of the original technician-generated reformats from the full dataset. The AI model demonstrated high concordance with expert annotations, with a mean landmark localization error of 0.6 to 0.9 mm. Compared with expert-defined planes, AI-generated reformats exhibited a mean rotational error of 0.7°, a mean centering error of 0.3%, and a mean zoom error of 0.4%. By contrast, technician-generated reformats demonstrated a mean rotational error of 11.2°, a mean centering error of 6.4%, and a mean zoom error of 6.2%. Significant variability in manual reformat quality was observed across different factors including patient age, scanner location, report findings, and individual technician operators. Manual head CT reformatting is subject to substantial variability in both quality and speed. A single-shot deep learning foundation model can generate reformats with high accuracy and consistency. The implementation of such an automated method offers the potential to improve standardization, increase workflow efficiency, and reduce operational costs in clinical practice.