Metallic Lead Formation in Perovskites: Mechanisms, Suppression, and Future Directions.
review · Level V
Where this comes from
- Record sourced from PubMed, PMID 41004306.
- Also identified by DOI 10.1021/acsnano.5c11320 and PMC identifier 12530059.
- Licence recorded as CC BY.
- The licence permits redistribution, so the abstract is shown in full and the full text is available from the publisher.
Abstract
Lead halide perovskites APbX<sub>3</sub> (A = methylammonium, formamidinium, cesium; X = halogen) have advanced the field of optoelectronics, particularly in solar cells, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes, due to their outstanding properties. However, a significant challenge remains unresolved: the formation of metallic lead (Pb<sup>0</sup>), which introduces deep-level defects that trap charge carriers and degrade device performance. The formation of Pb<sup>0</sup> in perovskites can occur after their synthesis under various conditions, including high-energy radiation, light, heat, and moisture, and has also been observed during perovskite crystallization. Thus, it is crucial to understand the underlying mechanisms of Pb<sup>0</sup> formation and its suppression pathways. Recent studies have explored various strategies to suppress Pb<sup>0</sup> formation, including compositional engineering, additive incorporation, and protective passivation layers. In this review, we discuss the origins of Pb<sup>0</sup> formation in perovskites, focusing on the mechanisms driving this process under different environmental conditions, and then strategies for suppressing Pb<sup>0</sup> formation, including compositional engineering and passivation techniques. By addressing these aspects, we seek to identify pathways for enhancing the stability and performance of perovskite-based devices, enabling their widespread adoption in commercial applications.