New Biomaterials and Technologies in Growth Plate Regeneration.

Abstract

Growth plate (GP) injuries present a significant clinical challenge due to their potential to induce limb deformities and growth disturbances. Traditional treatments, such as surgical resection and filler implantation, have low success rates and often result in bony bar recurrence. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in biomaterials and technologies for GP regeneration, including scaffolds, hydrogels, and microspheres, and emerging cell-free approaches. Pro-chondrogenic growth factors, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and stem cells are integrated into these biomaterials to enhance cartilage regeneration and prevent bone bridge formation. Additionally, advanced fabrication methods-such as 3D bioprinting, electrospinning, and freeze-drying-enable the creation of biomimetic, zonally organized implants. This review highlights the need for GP-specific biomaterials that replicate mechanical and biochemical zonation, offering direction for future research and clinical translation in pediatric orthopedics.