T cell cholesterol transport links intestinal immune responses to dietary lipid absorption.

Gao, Yajing; Kennelly, John P; Xiao, Xu; Whang, Emily; Ferrari, Alessandra; Bedard, Alexander H; Mack, Julia J; Nguyen, Alexander et al. · Science · 2025

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

The intrinsic pathways that control membrane organization in immune cells and their impact on cellular functions are poorly defined. We found that the nonvesicular cholesterol transporter Aster-A linked plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol availability in CD4 T cells to systemic metabolism. Aster-A was recruited to the PM during T cell receptor (TCR) activation, where it facilitated the removal of accessible cholesterol. Loss of Aster-A increased cholesterol accumulation in the PM, which enhanced TCR nanoclustering and signaling. Aster-A associated with stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and negatively regulated calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) flux. Aster-A deficiency promoted CD4 T cells to acquire a T helper 17 (T<sub>H</sub>17) phenotype and stimulated interleukin-22 production, which reduced intestinal fat absorption and conferred resistance to diet-induced obesity. These findings delineate how immune cell membrane homeostasis links to systemic physiology.

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