Longitudinal Insights into Sensorineural and Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Adolescents Aged 13-18 Years.

Abstract

To describe the prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and probable noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) among 18-year-olds, and to examine changes in prevalence and severity between ages 13 and 18. Data were obtained from the Generation R Study, a prospective birth cohort in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Audiometric assessments were conducted between 2016-2019 (age 13) and 2020-2024 (age 18). Main outcomes were SNHL and probable NIHL. SNHL was defined as a pure-tone average >15 dB HL at low and/or high frequencies in one or both ears with a type A tympanogram. Probable NIHL was defined as a notch and/or high-frequency hearing loss (HFHL), also with a type A tympanogram. At age 18, 3347 adolescents were assessed. The prevalence of SNHL was 6.2%, and 12.9% met the criteria for probable NIHL. Among 2847 participants with data at both time points, prevalence rates remained stable over time. However, notches were more often bilateral at age 18, and HFHL thresholds had worsened significantly. Additionally, participants lost to follow-up had relatively poorer hearing. At age 18, 6.2% of adolescents had SNHL, and 12.9% had signs of probable NIHL. While overall prevalence remained stable from 13 to 18 years, hearing deteriorated in severity, and selective drop-out may have masked an increase. These findings emphasize the importance of continued monitoring and early prevention. Future research should explore the role of recreational noise exposure.