An updated review of international literature on the outcomes of individualized housing for people with disability and complex needs.

Abstract

Since 2019, there has been an increased shift away from congregate disability housing and toward individualized housing models. This scoping review reports outcomes associated with individualized housing for people with disability and complex needs between 2019 and 2025. Five databases were systematically searched to find studies that reported on outcomes associated with individualized housing for adults (aged 18-65 years) with disability and complex needs. Quantitatively assessed outcomes and qualitative findings were reported using the domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Quantitative findings showed mixed results for activities and participation but positive outcomes for self-determination, health, and mental well-being. Qualitative findings highlighted improved mood, and increased autonomy in household management, social life, and recreation, though some participants sought more community and vocational engagement. Environmental factors such as accessible and modifiable design promoted autonomy, while funding constraints and inconsistent support influenced experiences. Findings reinforce the benefits of individualized housing for autonomy, well-being, and community participation. However, gaps remain in outcome data and housing descriptions. Refinements to individualized housing should focus on enhancing the accessibility and ongoing tailoring of the built environment and allowing for additional support during transition periods.