Discovery of crystalline Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in returned lunar soils.

Liu, Yiheng; Cao, Haijun; Li, Rui; Chen, Jian; Yin, Chengxiang; Jia, Ziyi; Lu, Xuejin; Qiao, Le et al. · Sci Adv · 2025

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Lunar materials were believed to have formed and been preserved in a reducing environment, with only Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>0</sup> present. Native oxidized minerals, such as hematite, have not been validated in previously returned lunar samples. In this work, we report the discovery of micrometer-scale crystalline Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in the forms of hematite (α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and maghemite (γ-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) overgrowing troilite in the recently returned Chang'e-6 (CE6) lunar soils. It is possible that impact-induced oxygen release created localized micrometer-scale regions of elevated oxygen fugacity, facilitating the formation of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> at temperatures between ~700° and 1000°C. This finding provides credible evidence for the presence of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the lunar surface, challenging the traditional understanding of lunar surface redox states. In addition, the Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in the form of maghemite may be the mineralogical reason for the generation of the magnetic anomalies observed around the South Pole-Aitken basin.