Immunophenotypic patterns in paediatric acute leukaemia: A flowcytometry-based prospective observational study in tribal dominant state, Jharkhand.

Abstract

Acute leukaemia is a rapidly progressive haematopoietic disorder affecting bone marrow, leading to excessive production of immature blast cells. Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in adults accounts for 80-90% of cases of acute leukaemia. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), common in childhood, comprises 12% of all leukaemia. Immunophenotyping using flow cytometry is crucial for classifying leukaemia into AML and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) subtypes, aiding in accurate diagnosis and treatment. The aim of the study was to analyze the different immunophenotypic patterns in paediatric leukaemia by flow cytometry. This prospective observational study included 54 diagnosed cases of paediatric acute leukaemia on bone marrow studies. Furthermore, it is classified by multiparametric flowcytometry. Among 54 cases, 30 (56%) were ALL and 24 (44%) were AML. Among ALL cases, 21 (70%) were B ALL and 9 (30%) were T ALL. The most common symptoms were fever (91%) and fatigue (96%). Immunophenotyping showed B ALL cases expressing CD10 (86%), CD19 (81%), and CD79a (81%), while T ALL cases predominantly expressed sCD3 (66%), CD5 (89%), and CD7 (89%). AML cases exhibited CD13 (83%), CD33 (88%), and cMPO (88%). Flow cytometry is a highly accurate tool for differentiating leukaemia subtypes. Immunophenotyping plays a crucial role in diagnosis, classification, and treatment planning for Paediatric leukaemia.