Current progress and open challenges for applying artificial intelligence across the <i>in vitro</i> fertilization cycle.

Abstract

<i>In vitro</i> fertilization (IVF) has significantly advanced the treatment of infertility, yet success rates remain modest due to its complexity and reliance on clinical experience. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) offer promising tools to support decision-making throughout the IVF process. This review summarizes current applications of AI in IVF by organizing studies according to the data modality they use, including structured health records, biomedical images, and omics data. For each modality, we describe representative tasks, model performance, and key methodological progress. We also examine the potential of emerging AI approaches, such as multi-modal learning and large language models. In addition, we acknowledge ongoing challenges, including limited model generalizability, data bias, and the need for clinically validated, transparent AI systems. While the integration of AI into IVF is promising, its success will depend on rigorous validation, ethical safeguards, and interdisciplinary efforts to ensure safe and equitable implementation.