Effect of muscle training in adolescents and young adults with down syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract

This study aims to synthesize existing evidence and assess the effectiveness of muscle training on limb strength in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. Randomized clinical trials up to November 2024 comparing progressive force exercise with daily activities were identified from PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Scopus, and PEDro. Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed quality. A random-effects model was used. Eight studies, including 266 adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome, were incorporated into the systematic review and meta-analysis. Muscle training showed a moderate positive effect on strength (Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) = 0.67), with greater effects in the lower limbs (SMD = 0.75). The most effective intervention was an Isokinetic training program + conventional physical therapy program (SMD = 1.24). The duration of training did not affect the outcome, but longer programs had no heterogeneity (<i>I</i>² = 0%). Muscle training seems to moderately improve strength in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome, particularly in the lower limbs. Although training duration is not decisive, longer programs provide more consistent improvements. Further large-scale studies with standardized assessments are needed, particularly in young adults facing premature aging.