Long Short-Term Memory-Driven Modeling of Dynamic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Microenvironments: A Deep Learning Framework for Precision Treatment Prediction.

Abstract

This study evaluates deep learning (DL) approaches, particularly long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, for analyzing dynamic changes in the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor microenvironment (TME) to improve disease understanding and treatment prediction. Multimodal HCC TME data (high-throughput sequencing, protein expression, and time-series imaging) were integrated. Spatial features were extracted using convolutional neural networks (CNNs), while temporal patterns were modeled with LSTMs. Generative adversarial networks (GANs) augmented data for robust training. Model performance was assessed on the basis of dynamic TME characterization and outcome prediction accuracy. LSTMs demonstrated superior performance in analyzing TME time-series data, effectively capturing long-term dependencies and predicting cellular interactions (accuracy: 92.3% <i>v</i> 85.7% for CNNs alone). The integrated DL framework successfully characterized spatiotemporal TME evolution and treatment response patterns. This study demonstrates that LSTMs are powerful tools for analyzing and understanding the dynamic changes in the HCC immune microenvironment. Their strong capability in time-series data analysis provides new opportunities for uncovering the mechanisms of HCC progression and optimizing therapeutic strategies. However, because of the lack of detailed etiological information, stratified validation across different etiologies such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis has not yet been conducted in this study and should be addressed in future work. The findings highlight the important role of DL technologies in future research and treatment of HCC.