Timely deployment of best-in-class technologies to enable development and decarbonise construction.

Dunant, Cyrille; Hafez, Hisham; Marsh, Alastair T M; Miller, Sabbie A; Röck, Martin; Schmidt, Wolfram; Scrivener, Karen L; Zunino, Franco · Nat Commun · 2025

other · Level V

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Abstract

In the face of two apparently irreconcilable global challenges - housing a growing world population and reducing CO<sub>2</sub> emissions - we analyse the current, historic and forecast data on the use of construction materials. Today, cement-based materials make up around three quarters of materials used by mass. Historically, we see that cement-based materials use goes through a peak as Gross Domestic Product per capita increases and then falls. This peak of cement use has been particularly pronounced in China, but is now on a downwards path. From now to 2050, three quarters of construction materials demand will be in low- and middle-income countries. We estimate that adopting the best available construction technologies could reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by about 73% compared to business as usual by 2050. In low- and middle-income countries, the housing and infrastructure needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals could be supplied while simultaneously reducing their per capita CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from structural materials.