A Modular Self-Driving Laboratory for Automated Synthesis of CsPb(Cl/Br/I)<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Nanocrystals.

Chen, Yixuan; Rajabi-Kochi, Mahyar; Huang, Guanqi; Wu, Jiaze; Wang, Siyue; Xu, Joanna; Moosavi, Seyed Mohamad; Huang, Kai · Nano Lett · 2026

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Self-driving laboratories (SDLs) integrating automation and data-driven control are increasingly used in materials synthesis. Existing SDLs still face challenges in hardware integration and stable flow operation. Here, we report a modular fluidic-microwave SDL for the automated synthesis of perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) with programmable thermal profiles and inline photoluminescence monitoring. Its constant-pressure fluidics and batch microwave design decouple reaction temperature from residence time, suppress flow pulsation, and yield reproducible low-noise data sets. Using CsPbX<sub>3</sub> (X = Cl, Br, I), the platform achieves relative standard deviations of 1.53% in fwhm, 0.06% in peak wavelength, and 1.85% in PL intensity across runs. Automated parameter screening identifies an optimal synthesis window (120-140 °C, 28 °C min<sup>-1</sup>, 120-180 s, Pb/Cs = 2-3) that produces phase-pure nanocrystals with narrow emission line widths (∼18-19 nm). This SDL provides a reproducible, programmable basis for closed-loop optimization and AI-guided nanomaterials synthesis.