Sex-specific differences in obesity among adults in Bangladesh: a nationally representative cross-sectional study.

Abstract

Bangladesh is facing a growing obesity epidemic; however, evidence on sex-specific patterns and socioeconomic determinants is limited. We aimed to investigate sex differences in obesity prevalence and to assess how socioeconomic and demographic factors influence obesity risk among adult men and women. We analysed data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2022. Prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥25.0 kg/m²) among men and women was estimated by sociodemographic characteristics. Two multinomial logistic regression models were fitted: first, to quantify sex-specific odds of obesity with socio-demographic variables as interaction terms for effect modification; and second, adjusted sex-stratified models to assess determinants of obesity separately in men and women. Overall, 30% of our participants had obesity, with women more affected than men (36% vs 20%; adjusted OR (aOR) 2.75, 95% CI 2.53 to 3.00). Interaction analyses showed attenuation of the female-male difference among those with higher education (interaction aOR 0.57, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.74), richest quintile (interaction aOR 0.63, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.83) and urban residence (interaction aOR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.96). Obesity was positively associated with age, education, wealth and urban residence, with stronger effects in men, except for higher education (interaction aOR 0.65, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.89), richest quintile (interaction aOR 0.72, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.98) and urban residence (interaction aOR 0.84, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.98). Obesity disproportionately affected women, although association with socio-demographic factors was stronger in men. Targeted sex-specific interventions that address socioeconomic and contextual determinants are needed to mitigate obesity burden in Bangladesh.