Current progress of bio-fabrication in breast reconstruction.

Abstract

Breast reconstruction is essential for restoring self-image and quality of life after mastectomy. While current methods using implants or autologous tissue are prevalent, they face challenges such as capsular contracture and volume loss. This review explores how bio-fabrication strategies are generating innovative scaffolds to overcome these limitations. We discuss the clinical use of bio-fabrication and detail preclinical progress in key areas: enhancing the biocompatibility and safety of implants, achieving soft tissue regeneration and vascularization, integrating antitumor therapy with reconstruction, and optimizing aesthetic outcomes. Finally, we outline future research directions for developing superior biomaterials to advance breast reconstruction. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Current breast reconstruction methods are limited by complications, such as capsular contracture, volume loss, and infection. This review underscores the promise of bioengineered scaffolds, where biomaterials combined with bioactive agents and advanced fabrication (e.g., 3D printing) can recreate the natural breast microenvironment to support regeneration. This replication is crucial for promoting vascularization, adipogenesis, and tissue integration. Furthermore, we explore new strategies for modifying implant surfaces to minimize fibrosis and infection risks. This work serves as a guide for developing next-generation regenerative scaffolds and highlights their potential to significantly improve clinical outcomes in breast reconstruction by providing personalized, biocompatible, and functionally' as none of the work so far in the literature can truly replicate the natural breast microenvironment.