Neural mechanisms underlying intracortical microstimulation for sensory restoration.

Abstract

Sensation plays a pivotal role in the orchestration of our daily lives. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) can elicit artificial sensations in persons who have lost sensation due to neurological injury or disease. Despite ongoing clinical studies to assess the safety and efficacy of ICMS, the mechanisms underlying neural activation by ICMS and their implications for perception are not well understood. This Review delves into the current understanding of ICMS mechanisms, drawing parallels with physiological sensory processing in the cortex. We explore emerging approaches and note challenges to current technologies, including resolution and the tissue response to electrode insertion. We conclude by highlighting the basic principles of ICMS, lingering questions and important focus areas for continued development.