Suppressing solvent adducts via coordination competition enables scalable perovskite photovoltaics.

Jin, Lu; Zhang, Shaochen; Zhou, Jingjing; Chu, Shenglong; Wang, Xiaonan; Yan, Zihan; Miao, Xiaohe; Zhang, Rui et al. · Nat Commun · 2026

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Scalable coating methods are indispensable for the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics. However, fundamental divergences in crystallization dynamics hinder the direct adaptation of spin-coating optimization strategies. Furthermore, the limited understanding of crystallization control under scalable conditions constrains the fabrication of high-quality perovskite films. Herein, we identify the solvent-precursor interaction time (τ<sub>int</sub>) as the critical, yet previously overlooked, kinetic parameter governing film quality in scalable processes. We demonstrate the prolonged τ<sub>int</sub> inherent to blade coating stabilizes solvent-adduct phases, increases solvent retention, and ultimately degrades film crystallinity. To resolve this, we introduce a dynamic coordination competition strategy that modulates the precursor coordination equilibrium, thereby effectively shortening τ<sub>int</sub> and yielding high-crystallinity films with enhanced phase purity. Consequently, the blade-coated devices deliver power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 26.5% (0.0665 cm<sup>2</sup>) and 22.9% (728.0 cm<sup>2</sup>). Our findings provide a kinetic knob for crystallization control and establish a robust protocol for large-area manufacturing of high-quality perovskite films.