Higher-order processes shape diverse patterns in biodiversity.

Abstract

Higher-order dynamics are essential for maintaining species diversity in ecological systems. In this paper, we examine how intraspecific competition affects interspecific interactions within spatially embedded hyperlattice frameworks. We thoroughly analyze their impact on conserving biodiversity by including higher-order competitive processes. Extensive numerical simulations show that increased higher-order competition significantly boosts biodiversity, even with higher mobility. The snapshot analyses further identify four distinct spatial patterns resulting from species interactions: regular pattern formation, two-species dominance, spiral wave structures, and single-species dominance. These results emphasize the key role of higher-order competitive interactions in shaping and stabilizing ecological diversity.