Traumatic Optic Neuropathy-Craniofacial Fracture Patterns and Management.

Abstract

Up to half of patients with traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) develop permanent vision loss. The diagnosis and management of TON are challenging. Here, we aim to identify craniofacial fractures associated with TON and compare visual outcomes in TON patients under observation versus steroid-based management. We reviewed CT scans of patients after acute facial trauma at the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center from 2018 to 2022 to determine craniofacial fractures associated with TON. TON patient outcomes between 2013 and 2022 were analyzed to compare steroid treatment versus observation. Primary outcomes were improvement in visual acuity and time to improvement. Multivariate logistic and linear regressions were performed. Among 2374 patients presenting with acute facial fractures between 2018 and 2022, 21 (0.9%) had TON. Sphenoid sinus fractures were associated with the greatest odds of TON (aOR [95% CI], 25 [9-68]) followed by LeFort III and naso-orbitoethmoid (NOE) fractures (aOR [95% CI], 13 [4-42] and 7 [2-24], respectively), compared with patients without these fractures. Between 2013 and 2022, treatment outcomes were analyzed in 86 TON patients (96 eyes). Their median (IQR) follow-up was 9 (4-31) months. Patients treated with IV methylprednisolone, ranging from 250 to 1000 mg for a maximum of 3 days, were more likely to have improvement in visual acuity compared to those managed with observation (8/13 [62%], 27/83 [33%], P < 0.05). Steroids were also associated with a 57-day quicker improvement in visual acuity compared to observation (B = -57.1, P = 0.007). Patients with sphenoid sinus fractures should be carefully examined for the presence of a TON. At our institution, steroid therapy results in a more rapid improvement and a better final visual acuity than observation in patients with TON.