Photothermal effects control ultrafast charge transport in titanium carbide MXenes.

Zheng, Wenhao; Ramsden, Hugh; Ippolito, Stefano; van Hemert, Max; Zhang, Danzhen; Zhang, Teng; Li, Dongqi; Wen, Guanzhao et al. · Nat Commun · 2026

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Titanium carbide MXene (Ti₃C₂Tₓ) is an emerging metallic material with promise for (opto)electronics and thermal management. Yet how photoexcitation-particularly via photogenerated thermal energy-modifies its charge carrier dynamics remains poorly understood. By combining time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy and transient reflectance measurements, we reveal a long-lived, photo-induced suppression of conductivity, which we attribute to efficient lattice heating and slow heat dissipation in Ti₃C₂T<sub>x</sub>. A systematic variation of pump photon energy reveals that this 'negative' photoconductivity can equivalently be induced by lattice temperature increases, indicating a thermal origin. Repetition-rate-dependent transient reflectance measurements further show residual heat persisting over 100 ns, substantially longer than in conventional metals. Our work presents a unified understanding of photothermal effects in Ti₃C₂Tₓ and their influence on non-equilibrium charge transport, underscoring its potential for photothermal electronics and light-to-thermal energy storage applications.