Use of 3D and multidimensional X-ray imaging to see beneath the surface.

Mao, Wendy L; Liu, Yijin · Nat Commun · 2026

review · Level V

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Abstract

Modern 3D X-ray imaging reveals internal structure, density, and dynamics across multiple scales, overcoming fundamental limitations of 2D projections. These 3D and multidimensional imaging techniques are transforming materials characterization in disciplines from medical diagnostics to electronics and planetary science.