Daily Physical Activity in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Insights From a Multicenter Longitudinal Trial Using Accelerometry.

Abstract

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Traditional assessments such as the 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) may not adequately capture daily physical activity or patient experience in real-world settings. Among patients with PAH, do accelerometer-derived measures of daily physical activity reflect disease severity, functional status, and outcomes over time? Pulmonary Hypertension and Anastrozole (PHANTOM), a multicenter randomized controlled trial of anastrozole in PAH, enrolled male patients and postmenopausal female patients with PAH at 7 centers in the United States. Patients completed 4 in-person study visits over 12 months. Participants wore hip-based accelerometers for 7 days at each visit. Mixed-effects models assessed associations between daily physical activity and demographic, clinical, echocardiographic, and environmental variables. Clinical outcomes included: 6MWD; health-related quality of life (HRQoL), assessed by using the emPHasis-10 questionnaire and the 36-item Short Form Health Survey; bone mineral density (BMD); and time to clinical worsening (hospitalization, treatment escalation, or death). Cox models were used to examine associations between activity and time to clinical worsening. Eighty-four participants were enrolled (mean age 61 years; 67% female). Device adherence was high across visits. Activity declined over time and was lower in patients with World Health Organization functional class III, worse right ventricular function, and connective tissue disease-associated PAH. Lower daily activity was associated with worse HRQoL, worse baseline 6MWD, and worse baseline femoral/hip BMD. Lower baseline activity was associated with increased risk of clinical worsening (hazard ratio, 1.06 per hour/week less active; P < .01). Accelerometer-derived physical activity reflects disease severity and is associated with HRQoL, BMD, and clinical worsening in PAH. These metrics may offer a dynamic, patient-centered complement to traditional assessments.