Revealing the Defect-Driven Ferroelectric Mechanisms of Aluminum Nitride.

Dryzhakov, Bogdan; Skidmore, Chloe; Behrendt, Drew; Calderon, Sebastian; Jacques, Leonard C; Ozdemir, Erdem; Hayden, John; Mercer, Ian et al. · Adv Mater · 2026

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Wurtzite III-nitride compounds are CMOS-compatible with widespread industrial interest to exercise ferroelectricity, despite their polar structure being highly resistant to polarization reversal. Here, we induce and tune ferroelectric properties in w-AlN via direct-write ion-beam processing, using nanoscale patterned defect engineering as a post-growth alternative to conventional cation substitution. Nanometric piezoresponse spectroscopy of the focused He<sup>+</sup> beam patterned defect concentrations in ferroelectric Al<sub>0.92</sub>B<sub>0.08</sub>N measures a localized 10x enhancement in effective piezoresponse and 40% reduction in switching barrier. The irradiation-induced point defects convert piezoelectric AlN into a ferroelectric system with site-saturated nucleation and raise the dielectric susceptibility, switched polarization, and effective piezoelectric coefficient. Enhanced defect-lattice interactions in AlN increase carrier conduction and phonon scattering loss but preserve long-range crystallinity. Based on atomistic analysis of nudged elastic band density functional theory calculations and reactive force field simulations, both nitrogen vacancies and defect complexes disrupt bond ordering, facilitating a line-by-line low-barrier switching of pristine AlN.