Humidity-induced dynamic coordination drives the oscillatory migration of ions for sustainable energy harvesting.

Lu, Xulei; Liu, Jialin; Fu, Chunqiao; Duan, Peng; He, Changliu; Wang, Chenxing; Zhang, Yong; Huang, Yinpeng et al. · Nat Commun · 2026

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Moisture-induced ion diffusion in nanostructured materials is a promising route for high-performance power generation, yet achieving the continuous ion migration necessary for long-term operation remains challenging. Here, we report a moisture-electricity conversion mechanism capable of sustained electrical output. We demonstrate that humidity fluctuations regulate the dynamic coordination between iodide ions (I<sup>-</sup>) and iodine molecules (I<sub>2</sub>), driving the oscillatory migration of I<sup>-</sup> to generate a continuous alternating ion current (AC). Crucially, this coordination process avoids charge exchange, while electricity generation is achieved through moisture-driven ion transport. The device achieves a current output of 33.2 µA cm<sup>-</sup>² and exhibits sustainable performance recovery under natural humidity fluctuations. This mechanism remains effective even under minimal humidity gradients (13% RH), ensuring adaptability to diverse weather conditions. Our strategy, applicable to various gel materials, utilizes environmental humidity fluctuations as a power source for ion diffusion, offering a fundamental solution for long-term, autonomous energy harvesting.