Multi-State Probabilistic Computing Using Floating-Body MOSFETs Based on the Potts Model for Solving Complex Combinatorial Optimization Problems.

Cheong, Sunwoo; Lee, Soo Hyung; Han, Janguk; Park, Jun-Young; Shin, Dong Hoon; Jang, Yoon Ho; Shim, Sung Keun; Kim, Sungho et al. · Adv Mater · 2026

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Probabilistic computing has gained attention for solving combinatorial optimization problems (COPs), mainly using the Ising model, which may not be suitable for complex COPs. Instead, this work proposes a multi-state probabilistic computing system based on the Potts model using stochastic threshold switching floating-body metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (FB-MOSFETs) as the multi-state probabilistic bits (p-bits) to solve challenging COPs. The system employs drain voltage sharing and a one-hot sampling method to achieve controllable probabilistic behavior and scalable annealing. Experimental validations on spin glass and max-4-cut problems demonstrate that the system efficiently samples a tunable Boltzmann distribution while converging faster than traditional methods. Comparative analyses further highlight superior energy efficiency and decreased time-to-solution, underscoring the potential of multi-state probabilistic computing for large-scale, complex COPs using only MOSFET devices.