Ultrathin Amorphous <i>p</i>-Type Tellurium Oxide Films Enabled by Cryogenic Deposition.

Kim, Taehoon; Rahman, I K M Reaz; Kim, Inha; Higashitarumizu, Naoki; Wang, Shu; Kim, Hyong Min; Jamal, Moniruzzaman; Pitner, Gregory et al. · ACS Nano · 2026

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Amorphous <i>n</i>-type metal oxides, such as In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide (IGZO), have shown promise as back-end-of-line (BEOL) compatible transistors, potentially offering a new paradigm for monolithic 3D stacking. However, a high-performance <i>p</i>-type counterpart remains a critical bottleneck. Tellurium suboxide (TeO<sub><i>x</i></sub>) has recently been shown to be a promising <i>p</i>-type semiconductor for BEOL applications. Yet, it remains to be seen if sub-10 nm TeO<sub><i>x</i></sub> films, needed for practical device applications, can be achieved with acceptable hole mobilities. Here, we report ultrathin TeO<sub><i>x</i></sub> transistors fabricated via cryogenic thermal evaporation at a substrate temperature of -80 °C. This low-temperature process suppresses crystallization and surface diffusion, yielding ultrasmooth films with root-mean-square roughness as low as 4 Å. The back-gated TeO<sub><i>x</i></sub> transistors achieve an on/off current ratio of 10<sup>5</sup> and a field-effect mobility of 2.8 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> at a channel thickness of 5.5 nm, retaining <i>p</i>-type switching behavior down to 2.4 nm. Selenium alloying further enhances the on/off current ratio by an order of magnitude while enabling bandgap tuning without compromising mobility.