Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and damage-control laparotomy in acute care surgery patients: A safe and successful option for patient rescue.

Abstract

The combined use of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) and damage-control laparotomy/open abdomen (DCL/OA) is not well described in the literature. We hypothesized that the mortality with concurrent VV-ECMO and DCL/OA would not be statistically different from that reported for either intervention alone. Patients managed with a DCL/OA and VV-ECMO from March 2014 through March 2022 were retrospectively reviewed from a prospectively collected database at a single quaternary care center. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Survivor and nonsurvivor cohorts were compared using univariate and bivariate analyses with a priori significance at p ≤ 0.05. A multivariable regression analyses was performed to identify independent predictors of mortality. Fifty-two patients were managed with VV-ECMO and concurrent DCL/OA. The majority of patients were male (58%), with a mean (SD) age of 41 (14) years. The primary indication for VV-ECMO was acute respiratory distress syndrome/pneumonia (83%). The primary indications for DCL/OA were abdominal compartment syndrome (37%) and trauma (19%). Sixty percent of the patients underwent VV-ECMO cannulation after DCL/OA. Survival at hospital discharge was 58%. Survivors had a lower mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (12 vs. 14, p = 0.02), higher mean Respiratory ECMO Survival Prediction score (3.5 vs. 1.1, p = 0.004), lower mean preoperative lactic acid level (4 vs. 7, p = 0.04) and were more likely to receive anticoagulation while on VV-ECMO (70% vs. 30%, p = 0.012) than nonsurvivors. Postdischarge, survival rates at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months were 90%, 72%, 69%, and 62%, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, the use of anticoagulation (odds ratio, 0.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.01-0.42) and a higher Respiratory ECMO Survival Prediction score (odds ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.53-0.95) were associated with decreased mortality. Relatively favorable outcomes are often achieved in acute care surgery patients treated with concomitant VV-ECMO and DCL/OA. Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation should not be considered a contraindication to DCL/OA and vice versa. Retrospective Cohort Study; Level III.