Toward traceable global systems for end-of-life photovoltaic waste.

Huang, Beijia; Long, Yuqiong · Nat Commun · 2026

expert_opinion · Level V

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Abstract

Rapid global expansion of photovoltaics is driving degraded module flows to emerging markets. This flow occurs amid limited regulatory oversight and recycling capacity, posing substantial environmental risks to importing regions. Mitigating these risks necessitates cross-border governance and traceable end-of-life systems.