MXene-driven nanoscale field-effect junction for advanced 4-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar panels.

Agresti, Antonio; Pescetelli, Sara; Viskadouros, George; Pazniak, Anna; Leonardi, Enrico; Di Vito, Alessia; Amiri, Peyman; Auf Der Maur, Matthias et al. · Nat Commun · 2026

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

The commercialization of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells hinges on achieving high efficiency and stability while maintaining scalability. This study demonstrates an original approach for inducing the formation of a field effect junction within the perovskite active layer for efficient semi-transparent top modules to be integrated in four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem panels. A synergy of MXene-based doping and surface gradient passivation enabled semi-transparent perovskite modules with efficiencies surpassing 16% on 60 cm² active area. These were integrated into a four terminal tandem panel (0.2 m<sup>2</sup>) with a power conversion efficiency of 19.45%, further enhanced by bifacial silicon heterojunction cells to reach a power generation density exceeding 23 mWcm<sup>-</sup>² under 30% ground albedo conditions. The tandem panel, installed in Crete, retained over 95% of its initial delivered power after three months, showcasing robust real-world stability. This work provides a significant step toward industrial adoption, presenting a scalable, high-efficiency solution for next-generation photovoltaics with minimal modifications to silicon production lines.