'We just give the phone so they stay quiet': a qualitative exploration of screen time practices among caregivers of children younger than 5 years in south India.

Abstract

To explore the perceptions, challenges and strategies of caregivers in managing screen time among children younger than 5 years in the urban and rural areas of Tamil Nadu, India. Qualitative study using focus group discussions (FGDs). Rural Health and Training Centre in Vayalanallur, Thiruvallur district and Urban Health and Training Centre, Thiruvanmyur in Chennai district, Tamil Nadu, India. 54 caregivers (27 rural, 27 urban, 46 mothers, 6 grandmothers, 2 fathers) of children younger than 5 years whose screen time exceeded WHO age-specific recommendations participated. Six FGDs were conducted, each with 8-10 participants. FGDs were conducted in familiar community locations near the participants' homes to ensure comfort and accessibility. The audio recordings were transcribed verbatim in Tamil and translated into English and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Coding was manually performed by two independent researchers. Six major themes emerged: (1) circumstances leading to screen exposure, (2) perceived advantages, (3) perceived disadvantages, (4) challenges in reducing screen time, (5) methods adopted to reduce screen time and (6) strategies for sustaining reduction. Safety concerns, lack of play space and the need to manage household chores were commonly cited reasons for screen use. Although most caregivers were aware of the potential harms, screens were often used to feed or pacify children. Emotional resistance from children, inconsistent family norms and grandparents' screen use were common barriers. Caregivers employed strategies, such as limiting access, engaging in outdoor play and enrolling children in structured activities. Urban-rural differences were minimal, and thematic saturation was achieved after six FGDs. Caregivers face multiple, structural and family level challenges in managing screen time among young children. Awareness and interventions need to be tailored to address family dynamics, caregiver fatigue and lack of alternatives. Health providers, community workers and policymakers should collaborate to offer structured support, promote screen-free engagement and ensure child-friendly spaces in urban and rural communities.