A randomized control trial comparing the clinical outcome of thyroxine supplementation in thyroid peroxide antibody- negative cases in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy.

Abstract

A normal free thyroxine level in the presence of an increased thyroid-stimulating hormone is what constitutes subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH). Changes in thyroid physiology during pregnancy result in the normal TSH range being lower than non-pregnant. Subclinical thyroid disease during pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes, including, risk of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Prevalence in India is 6-8%. The prevalence of antibodies varies with ethnicity. Pregnancy with TSH concentrations >2.5 mIU/L needs evaluation for thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO) antibody status. Literature and guidelines support Thyroxine supplementation in TPO antibody-positive patients and TPO-negative with TSH >10 mIU/L. However, there are numerous debates around pregnant individuals with TPO antibody negative and TSH <10 mIU/L. To determine the effect of thyroxine supplementation in pregnant women with TPO antibody-negative subclinical hypothyroidism. It is a prospective randomized control study conducted in the tertiary care institute of eastern India. In this trial, a TSH estimation of all pregnant women visiting the OPD of a tertiary care institute was performed. TSH values >2.5 are subjected to TPO antibody estimation. Patients with TSH value 2.5-5.0 mIU/L and TPO antibody negative were included. A total of 60 cases were included, randomized into two groups (Group A and B). Group A-thyroxine supplemented, Group B-placebo (folic acid). Thyroid levels are measured at intervals. Followed up for pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal complications. We studied the following outcomes: 1. Pregnancy-related complications - Gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (IHCP), intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR), Antepartum hemorrhage (APH), oligohydramnios, and period of termination of pregnancy. 2. Delivery-related complications - mode of delivery, fetal distress, birth weight. 3. Neonatal Complications- Birth asphyxia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission, neonatal jaundice (hyperbillirubinaemia), Respiratory distress syndrome, Preterm birth, low birth weight (LBW), appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration score in 1 min and 5 mins, stillbirths (if any). Group A-period of gestation (POG) at termination (36.99+/-2.70), more mean birth weight (2.8+/-0.424) <i>P</i> = 0.04, less NICU admission (<i>P</i> = 0.03). IUGR was less (<i>P</i> = 0.005). Hyperbilirubinemia was more common among group B (0.017), and term birth was more common in group A (0.046). LBW was higher among Group B (0.007). With thyroxine supplementation POG at termination, this study shows that mean birth weight was higher, NICU admissions were lower, and IUGR was lower. There was no discernible variation in other outcomes. Because this was a pilot study, the sample size was modest. Larger samples might be used in future studies.