The effect of low muscle mass on neck disorder and cervical movement kinematics in university students: A comparative study.

Abstract

Skeletal muscle mass correlates with spinal health. While a consistent prevalence of low muscle mass has been observed in young adults, its impact on neck health remained unclear. The study aims to compare cervical kinematics during rapid movements and neck symptoms between university student groups with low or normal muscle mass. This was a cross-sectional study. From May to July 2024, cervical kinematic performance and body composition were measured in college students aged 18-24. Kinematic data was collected using a virtual reality system. Parameters included the range of neck motion, peak velocity, peak acceleration, and normalized jerk index. Bioelectrical impedance analysis measured body weight, skeletal muscle mass, and other body components. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was calculated as the percentage of skeletal muscle mass in body weight. The Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPAD) was assessed. Data from 100 participants were analyzed. Low muscle mass was detected in 18 participants (18%). Low muscle mass group had a higher NPAD score (p = 0.028). Peak velocity and peak acceleration were significantly lower in low muscle mass group only during neck extension (p < 0.001). On multiple linear regression analysis, SMI, age and height were significantly associated with both peak velocity and peak acceleration. University students with low muscle mass exhibited altered cervical kinematics only during extension movements, accompanied by more neck pain and disability. This study provides evidence of the relationship of muscle mass and cervical spine health in early adulthood.