Direct observations of atmospheric oxidized mercury speciation in polar areas.

Jokinen, Tuija; Gómez Martín, Juan Carlos; Feinberg, Aryeh; Mahajan, Anoop S; Plane, John M C; Ulises Acuña, A; Cuevas, Carlos; Dávalos, Juan Z et al. · Nat Commun · 2026

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Mercury is a persistent pollutant with significant public health impacts in polar regions where fish consumption drives human exposure. Atmospheric oxidation pathways control where mercury deposits globally, but the lack of molecular-level observations of oxidized mercury products has hindered the validation of proposed chemical mechanisms. Here, we show the in-situ online detection of individual mercuric halides (HgCl<sub>2</sub>, BrHgCl, HgBr<sub>2</sub>, ClHgI, BrHgI, and HgI<sub>2</sub>) in the polar boundary layer using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Our observations identify HgBr<sub>2</sub> as the dominant oxidized mercury species at both poles, while HgCl<sub>2</sub> and other halides were also observed in Antarctica. The observed speciation diverges from current model predictions, which favor HgCl<sub>2</sub> and HOHgBr as dominant oxidized forms. Our results show that real-time molecular measurements can substantially advance global mercury monitoring and improve the chemical models used to assess environmental policies and predict deposition patterns.