From early Earth to Enceladus-mineral electrochemistry could drive organic synthesis.

Velling, Seneca J · Nat Commun · 2026

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Hydrothermal systems in the ocean can behave like fuel cells when minerals connect reduced vent fluids to oxidized seawater, sustaining electrical potentials that drive reactivity. A <i>Nature Communications</i> study experimentally demonstrates how that potential could reduce CO<sub>2</sub> on minerals to form organic products under conditions relevant from the early Earth to Enceladus.