Endocrinology: What You May Have Missed in 2025.

Abstract

During 2025, endocrinology witnessed the expansion of pharmacotherapeutic options for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), obesity, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH); increasing complexity of treatment algorithms, including choices for intensification of therapy; and heightened concern about emerging side effects of commonly used medications. From the wealth of studies published in 2025, this article notes 9 studies that offer critical information for clinicians who manage or comanage patients with endocrine and metabolic disorders, including T2DM, obesity, and MASH. One of the 9 articles reviews the effectiveness of diabetes self-management education and support interventions, an important component of diabetes care, in improving hemoglobin A_1c (HbA_1c). Another is focused on comparing HbA_1c lowering when escalating the dose of dulaglutide versus switching to tirzepatide in people with T2DM. Two of the 9 articles are focused on potential side effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), including gastrointestinal side effects and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. One article summarizes the risk for life-threatening pituitary immune-related adverse events caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors; another explores the use of GLP-1RAs in MASH. One additional study explores the risk for urogenital infections in patients with diabetes receiving sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is) versus GLP-1RAs. Another study explores cardiovascular, kidney, and safety outcomes with canagliflozin (an SGLT-2i). The last article explores the efficacy and safety of finerenone in T2DM. The results of each study have a direct effect on clinical care for patients who often present to physicians who are not endocrinologists.