Dynamic metabolic programming of monocyte-derived cells defines immunity in CNS disease.

Abstract

Monocyte-derived cells (MCs) are highly adaptable innate immune cells that play essential roles in central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. Their functional specialization is closely linked to their metabolic state, which is shaped by local cues such as nutrient availability, oxygen levels, and pro- and anti-inflammatory signals. In this review, we examine the major metabolic pathways that regulate MC behaviour, including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. We assess how these pathways support specific effector functions such as cytokine production, phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and efferocytosis. Moving beyond the traditional M1/M2 framework, we discuss the context-dependent nature of MC metabolism and its role in driving diverse functional states. We then explore how these metabolic programs are engaged across key CNS disease settings, including sterile injury, demyelinating disease, and viral encephalitis. By integrating insights from immunometabolism and neuroinflammation, this review provides a framework for understanding the metabolic regulation of MCs in CNS pathology and highlights potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.