RNA-triggered cell killing with CRISPR-Cas12a2.

Scholz, Paul; Thompson, Jared; Crosby, Kadin T; Fauth, Torsten; Krah, Nathan M; Schlauderaff, Grant; Back, Robin; Berkheimer, Zachary A et al. · Nature · 2026

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Selectively eradicating target cells on the basis of their genetic or transcriptional identity remains important in basic research, medicine, biotechnology and agriculture<sup>1-3</sup>. For applications involving bacteria, CRISPR nucleases offer promising options due to their ability to enact RNA-guided counterselection<sup>4-7</sup>; however, using these same nucleases for counterselection in eukaryotes has proven much more restrictive<sup>8-14</sup>. Here we show that Cas12a2, a recently discovered type V CRISPR nuclease, exhibits RNA-triggered DNA shredding<sup>15,16</sup>, and enables programmable and sequence-specific elimination of yeast and human cells expressing a target transcript. Triggering Cas12a2 elicits rampant double-stranded DNA breaks in trans, leading to cell death. Cell killing can be activated by a wide range of target transcripts, with no observed off-target activation. Leveraging this approach, we selectively eliminate cells that harbour human papillomavirus, cells that failed to undergo gene editing, or cells that encode a prevalent oncogenic point mutation in KRAS. These findings expand the CRISPR toolbox to allow the selective elimination of eukaryotic cells on the basis of their transcriptional profile.