Piezochromic hydrogels for physically unclonable optical anti-counterfeiting with machine-learning assisted automatic identification.

Abstract

Developing high-security anticounterfeiting with reliable authentication remains a significant challenge in preventing information leakage and economic losses from counterfeiting. Here, we successfully reported physically uncopiable optical system based on piezochromic polymer hydrogels (PPH). Pressure treatment induces a clustering-triggered emission transition from red to blue, driven by suppressed through-space interactions and reduced electron delocalization, with the blue-emissive state stably retained after pressure release. Stochastic spatial distribution of red- and blue-emissive particles generates physically unclonable patterns with high distinguishability. Statistical analysis reveals near-ideal randomness together with high uniqueness and reliability. A similarity-based machine learning framework enables rapid and robust authentication, overcoming the subjectivity and inefficiency of human-eye recognition. This work establishes piezochromic polymer hydrogels as a platform for physically unclonable optical systems for secure anti-counterfeiting.