Occupational Cancer Protection and the Exclusion of Industrial Firefighters in the United States: A Policy and Statutory Analysis.

Abstract

Firefighting is classified as carcinogenic to humans,1 with the classification explicitly applied across all firefighting settings and employment types, including industrial. Yet occupational cancer protections in the United States are applied inconsistently. Industrial firefighters, exposed to the same carcinogens as municipal firefighters and may face additional industrial-specific hazards, are largely excluded from presumptive cancer statutes and federal benefit programs. A policy and statutory analysis was conducted using peer‑reviewed exposure science, federal and state statutes, national consensus standards, and publicly available datasets covering all U.S. jurisdictions. 2. Only seven of 57 jurisdictions include industrial firefighters within presumptive cancer coverage, with 29 containing explicit statutory exclusions tied to employment classification rather than exposure risk. 2. Excluding industrial firefighters contradicts the international scientific consensus on firefighter cancer risk and reflects outdated statutory frameworks rather than differences in exposure.