Stable porous graphene oxide membranes enabled by confined growth of 2D MOF nanosheets for high-performance desalination.

Zhai, Mengjiao; Moghadam, Farhad; Wang, Guangrui; Othman, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan; Li, Kang · Sci Adv · 2026

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Graphene oxide (GO) membranes hold substantial promise for this application but are limited by structural instability in aqueous environments. This study introduces a composite membrane based on porous graphene oxide (PGO) with two-dimensional copper 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (CuBDC) nanosheets grown in situ. The confined growth of CuBDC within the PGO laminar structure, via strong coordination between Cu<sup>2+</sup> ions and oxygen-containing groups on PGO, not only stabilizes the PGO laminar structure but also induces NaCl rejection due to the appropriate pore size of the CuBDC. The resulting composite membrane demonstrated a high-water flux of 124 kg m<sup>-2</sup> hour<sup>-1</sup> in conventional pervaporation and 89 kg m<sup>-2</sup> hour<sup>-1</sup> in low-energy water carrier pervaporation, with NaCl rejection consistently above 99.9%. Technoeconomic analysis reveals that desalination using the fabricated membrane in a water-carrier pervaporation process results in a low annual expenditure. Overall, this study offers a promising strategy for stabilizing PGO membranes with excellent selectivity, paving the way for more energy-efficient desalination technologies.