Credible messengers and messages in firearm harm prevention: A systematic review.

Abstract

This review systematically evaluated existing literature to summarize populations, methodologies, and prevention targets regarding credible messengers and messages in firearm-harm prevention. Inclusion criteria encompassed peer-reviewed articles, dissertations, and technical reports published from the topic's inception to data extraction. Included studies investigated credible messengers or messages in firearm harm prevention. Searches were conducted for articles from database inception to August 2025 in ProQuest, Web of Science, and PubMed, yielding 1834 articles that underwent screening by independent reviewers. 27 studies met inclusion criteria summarized as six domains: messaging content and framing strategies; credibility of messengers; audience characteristics and moderators; intervention development and feasibility; parental knowledge and behaviors; and theoretical frameworks. Identity-congruent messengers, including veterans, firearm owners, and community-trusted figures, increased trust and engagement. Messages emphasizing child safety, collaboration, and value alignment improved intentions for secure storage. Brief, context-specific interventions were feasible across clinical and community settings; few studies assessed behavioral outcomes or long-term effects. This review informs strategic communications in firearm harm prevention by elucidating messaging frameworks and credible messengers, guiding policy decisions and promoting equitable outreach strategies across sectors. Recommendations will strengthen prevention efforts and address equity in communities impacted by firearm harms.