Natural deep eutectic solvent-based composites for active wound dressings: A review of structure-property-function relationships and translational challenges.

Abstract

The management of complex wounds, including burns and chronic ulcers, remains challenging due to persistent inflammation, infection, oxidative stress, and impaired tissue regeneration. Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES)-based composites have recently emerged as a promising class of multifunctional wound dressings capable of actively modulating the wound microenvironment. This review critically examines the role of NADES as both structural modulators and functional platforms in polymeric composites, focusing on their ability to regulate microstructure, physicochemical properties, and biological performance. A structure-property-function analysis is presented to elucidate how molecular interactions within NADES-based systems translate into enhanced exudate management, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant effects, and tissue regeneration. Comparative analysis with conventional dressings highlights key performance trade-offs, particularly between antimicrobial efficacy and cytocompatibility. Despite encouraging results, current evidence is largely limited to in vitro and small-animal studies, with minimal validation in burn-specific models and limited data on long-term stability, sterilization compatibility, and regulatory compliance. Addressing these gaps will be critical for clinical translation. Overall, NADES-based composites represent a versatile and tunable platform for advanced wound care, but further standardized and clinically relevant studies are required to fully realize their potential.